What European History Books Would Have Been Required Reading in 1939
While Malcolm X, Rosa Parks and of course Martin Luther King Jr. are all well-known leaders in America's civil rights move, the accomplishments of that era were the work of more than just a few individuals. Thousands marched, organized, educated and more to build a better society, and as a result, some leaders cruel by the wayside of many of today's history books. These are just some of the amazing ceremonious rights leaders you may have never learned about.
Claudette Colvin
Although Rosa Parks may exist famous for refusing to give up her seat for a white human, Claudette Colvin stood her ground nine months earlier — and at the historic period of fifteen rather than 42. She and three of her friends were sitting in a row when a white woman boarded the autobus, and the driver demanded that all four of them move. Iii did. Claudette didn't.
She explained that information technology was her constitutional right to sit down in that location. "It felt," Colvin later explained, "as though Harriet Tubman'south easily were pushing me down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth'southward hands were pushing me downwards on the other shoulder."
Colvin's books were knocked from her hands, and she was manhandled off the bus and subsequently placed in jail before existence bailed out by her parents. The National Association for the Advocacy of Coloured People (NAACP) considered promoting her as a key figure in the fight confronting segregation, but it ultimately chose non to because she was a teenager. She also soon became significant, which organizers feared would distract from the broader struggle.
Nevertheless, along with Aurelia Due south. Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith, Colvin became one of four plaintiffs in the case of Browder vs. Gayle, which saw Montgomery, Alabama'south coach policies thrown out as unconstitutional. Colvin moved to New York City 2 years subsequently and became a nurse's aide.
While Martin Luther King Jr. was the face of the civil rights rallies of the '60s, Bayard Rustin was the man behind the scenes who organized them. Raised by his teenage mother and Quaker grandparents, he was drawn to the Young Communists League while attention New York's Metropolis College during the 1930 considering of their back up for racial equality. Withal, he left when the Communist Political party shifted away from civil rights work after 1941. He then joined the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), co-founded the Congress of Racial Equality (Cadre) and became an active campaigner for ceremonious rights.
Rustin'southward accomplishments are almost too numerous to list. He participated in Cadre'south Journey of Reconciliation, the predecessor to the after Liberty Rides that ended bussing segregation, and ended up on a chain gang as a consequence. He used that experience to publish several newspaper articles that led to the reform of such gangs. In 1948, he went to Republic of india to run into Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent practices in activeness, and he after traveled to West Africa to piece of work with different colonial independence movements. He became a close advisor to Martin Luther Male monarch and played an instrumental role in everything from 1963's March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom to helping to draft King'south Memoir, Stride Toward Freedom.
Rustin became a target of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI early on because of his communist ties, and his 1953 conviction on charges of homosexual activity caused tension even with other civil rights leaders. Still, Rustin continued his piece of work, and in the 1980s, he finally opened up about his sexuality. He played a key role in getting the NAACP to take action against the AIDS crisis. He died in 1987.
Shirley Chisholm
Born to immigrant parents from British Guiana and Barbados, Shirley Chisholm graduated from Brooklyn College in 1946. She was an education consultant for New York City's daycare system and was active in the NAACP before representing Brooklyn in the New York'southward state legislature from 1964 to 1968. She then achieved success on the national stage by winning ballot to the House of Representatives, where she remained until 1981. She was an ardent opponent of the Vietnam State of war and a supporter of abortion rights and the Equal Rights Amendment.
Chisholm was as well both the first Black person and kickoff woman to run for the nomination of a major party in the The states. Though she simply received 152 delegate votes at the 1972 Autonomous National Convention, her run nevertheless foreshadowed even greater political accomplishments for women and people of color in the years and decades to come.
Benjamin Mays
Martin Luther King Jr. once described Benjamin Mays as his "spiritual mentor." Born in 1894 Hezekiah and Louvenia Carter, who were former slaves, Mays grew up to get a doctorate from the University of Chicago and was ordained equally a Baptist minister. He subsequently became president of Morehouse Higher.
While at Morehouse, Mays delivered weekly addresses at the college'due south chapel, and it was these speeches that starting time drew a young Martin Luther King Jr. to him. King began meeting with Mays to discuss theology and earth affairs after the weekly addresses, and Mays began to have Sunday dinners with the Male monarch family.
Mays went on to be one of King's almost prominent supporters. When mass arrests led King's male parent to ask him to step down as a leader in the Montgomery bus boycott, Mays vocally supported Male monarch's conclusion not to do so. He gave the benediction at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. Fifty-fifty later King's assassination, Mays continued to fight for civil rights and became the offset Black president of the Atlanta Board of Education.
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Like Mays, Nannie Helen Burroughs' parents had experienced the horrors of slavery firsthand. After her begetter died, she and her mother moved to Washington D.C. Burroughs performed well in school, but despite her success, she was unable to find a task equally a public school instructor. As a result, she decided to found her own school for Black American women without the means to pay for an education.
Some civil rights leaders of the fourth dimension, such as Booker T. Washington, doubted Burroughs' power to heighten money for the school. Because of donations from local black women and their families, however, Burroughs was nevertheless successful, and the National Merchandise and Professional Schoolhouse for Women and Girls (NTPSG) in 1909 with the motto, "We specialize in the wholly impossible." At age 26, Burroughs was the first president.
The NTPSG was unusual in that it combined a classical education along with vocational skills meant to aid black women find jobs in modern society. Black history was also a required class, a largely unprecedented move for the fourth dimension. While the original school only consisted of a pocket-sized farmhouse, in 1928, it grew to include a larger building with 12 classrooms and additional facilities. Burroughs died in 1961, but her efforts to provide education and opportunity regardless of race or gender paved the way for farther efforts to secure ceremonious rights.
Source: https://www.reference.com/history/influential-civil-rights-leaders-fba3aa8663d7f466?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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